The fact that a person carries a firearm does not imply that it is his only defensive option, merely the final one to be used as a last resort. If you are comfortable with a book or newspaper as your "final option", that is certainly your decision to make, and I sincerely hope it is always enough. Just don't force others to make the same choice. The choice of "how much force is enough" is a personal one and is usually based on several factors, fear not necessarily being one of them. Law enforcement has what is known as a "Use of Force Continuum" which acts as a guide for appropriate amount of force. It is not "carved in stone", but a general guideline. For instance, if a subject is simply verbaly beligerent, personal demeanor and a defensive posture, (your "look in the eye"), is usually appropriate. If the subject attempts to grapple, the officer may use striking techniques or pepper spray. If the subject tries to strike, the officer may use impact weapons such as a baton, or pepper spray. If a subject has a weapon and is capable of inflicting death or serious physical harm, the officer may use lethal force. In all cases, officers must use the least amount of force reasonably necessary to contain and control the situation. In all cases, "other factors" are also considered to determine appropriate force. Factors, such as age of all parties involved, physical condition of all parties involved, abilities (if known) of all parties involved, number of parties involved, and so forth. This does not imply that the officer, since he carries a gun, is a coward. He is merely being prepared for a worst case scenario while hoping not to need it. While a private citizen may not willingly go looking for trouble, he should have the right and ability to defend himself appropriately if trouble comes to him. Personally, I have seen enough examples of man's inhumanity to man, and still do on a routine basis. I am not going to become a voluntary victim.